4 In the 2002 to 2003 calendar year, more than 1.5 million (0.6%) Americans ≥12 years of age had abused cocaine in the past year. National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimated that 14% of people 12 years of age or older (34 million individuals) in the United States have tried cocaine at least once, 3 and over 2000 individuals per day use cocaine for the first time. 1 Cocaine is also the illicit drug that leads to the most ED visits. Level of Evidence C: Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care.Ĭocaine is the second most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, with only marijuana being abused more frequently.
ICD 10 IMUSCLE SPRAIN MID THORACIC TRIAL
Level of Evidence B: Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies. Level of Evidence A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials. Classification of recommendations and levels of evidence are expressed in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) format as follows:Ĭlass I: Conditions for which there is evidence for and/or general agreement that the procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.Ĭlass II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.Ĭlass IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.Ĭlass IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.Ĭlass III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful. The goals of the present article are to provide a critical review of the literature on cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction (MI) and to give guidance for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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